What are ROVs and how are they used in offshore wind?

Underwater ROVs are used in a variety of activities and industries: search and rescue, military, aquaculture, marine biology, oil and gas, offshore energy, shipping and more. The development of offshore renewable energy projects, particularly offshore wind farms, is driving demand for ROVs for installation, maintenance and monitoring activities. In 2023, the global offshore ROV market was valued at USD 1.8 billion, and is projected to grow at an annual rate of 9.3 per cent from 2024-2034. 

An ROV, or remotely operated vehicle, is an autonomous robotic device, typically deployed underwater to perform various tasks. They are usually controlled by an operator onboard a surface vessel using a joystick. Most ROVs are equipped with cameras and lights, allowing them to transmit images to their operators. Sensors, instruments and tools such as cutting arms and water samplers may be added. 

The harsh conditions of offshore environments present unique challenges for inspection and maintenance of wind farms. Traditionally, these tasks have been conducted using divers and heavy surface vessels, both of which involve high costs and increased risk. ROVs minimise these concerns, reducing the need for heavy fuel-consuming vessels and decreasing the risk of human injury. This is especially relevant given the industry's increasing focus on sustainable practices. 

Underwater inspection of turbines, foundations and cables is integral to preventive maintenance strategies in offshore wind. These inspections identify wear, corrosion and structural issues that could lead to costly repairs or operational downtime. 

Advanced sensors and imaging technologies allow ROVs to detect minor issues before they escalate, helping to keep wind farms in optimal condition. The data collected from inspections not only supports immediate repairs but also provides valuable insights into long-term trends, such as material degradation and environmental impact. 

By implementing consistent ROV underwater inspection routines, offshore wind operators can optimise their maintenance schedules, greatly reducing both cost and environmental impact. 

Additionally, ROVs are employed to support both the construction and decommissioning phases of wind farms, providing real-time data on seabed conditions, subsea cable placement and equipment installation. 

One company that offers inspection services is the Norwegian subsea service provider Argeo. Its innovative technology includes uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). By using small autonomous vehicles, Argeo reduces fuel consumption by up to 99 per cent. 

The adoption of remotely operated vehicles in the offshore sector has increased dramatically in recent years. Some ROVs are being integrated with enhanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems, enabling them to make decisions based on environmental data and inspection results without human intervention. Such technology is expected to dramatically reduce operational costs, making offshore wind more economically viable and environmentally sustainable.